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03 Assembly

Assembly & Constraints

Connect two parts with a joint, learn about degrees of freedom, and see how real mechanisms work.

Interactive 3D Model: Hinge Joint — two plates connected by interleaving knuckles and a pin, demonstrating a revolute joint.

Building Assemblies

An assembly positions parts relative to each other using constraints (also called "mates" or "joints") — your robot comes together digitally.

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

A free body has 6 DOF: translation along X, Y, Z and rotation around X, Y, Z. Constraints remove DOF to hold parts in place.

Translate X
Translate Y
Translate Z
Rotate X
Rotate Y
Rotate Z
1 Experience
2 Reflect
3 Theorize
4 Apply
Quick Review Opportunity

Revisit
Common Constraint Types
Coincident / Fixed

Two faces or points share the same location. Removes translation DOF perpendicular to the face.

Concentric

Two cylindrical faces share an axis. Leaves rotation around and translation along the axis.

Distance / Offset

Maintains a fixed gap between faces. Like coincident but with a specified separation.

Parallel / Perpendicular

Forces faces or edges to stay parallel or at right angles to each other.

Joint Types in Robotics Assemblies
Revolute Joint — 1 rotational DOF

A hinge. One part rotates around a fixed axis. Used for: arm joints, flippers, lids.

Prismatic Joint — 1 translational DOF

A slider. One part moves along a straight line. Used for: linear actuators, drawer slides, elevators.

Cylindrical Joint — 1 rotation + 1 translation

Combines rotation and sliding along the same axis. Used for: lead screws, telescoping mechanisms.

Rigid Joint — 0 DOF

Parts are locked together. Used for: bolted connections, welded frames, glued assemblies.

Robotics Tip: Ask "How does this part move in the real robot?" and constrain accordingly. A wheel on an axle needs a revolute joint, not a rigid fix.

Challenge

Set the degrees of freedom to exactly 3 by toggling the right combination of constraints.

⚠ Predict First

A free body in 3D space has how many degrees of freedom?

DOF = the number of independent movements a body can make. A fully constrained body has 0 DOF.

Translations: Tx, Ty, Tz (movement along axes). Rotations: Rx, Ry, Rz (spinning around axes).

Each constraint removes one or more DOF. A revolute joint leaves exactly 1 DOF (rotation around one axis).

Guided Exploration
  1. Start with all 6 DOF enabled. Toggle off one translation — how many DOF remain?
  2. Now make the body have exactly 1 DOF (like a door hinge). Which constraints did you use?
  3. Try to create 0 DOF (fully locked). What real-world assembly does this represent?
Stage 2 Pause and Reflect
✓ Your reflections are saved automatically
Stage 4 Apply What You Learned

You need to model a simple wheel for a drivetrain. Think through the feature sequence.

  • Decide: extrude or revolve? Which is more appropriate for a wheel?
  • Plan the sketch profile for a wheel cross-section
  • Identify where you would add fillets for strength
  • Consider how the axle hole constrains your design choices
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